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This glossary is written for virtual airline and flight simulation use within Virtual Air Canada Airline. It is not intended as a real-world aviation reference.
A Fatigue Risk Management System is a data-driven, evidence-based approach to managing fatigue-related safety risks in flight operations. Rather than relying solely on prescriptive flight and duty time limits, an FRMS uses scientific models of human fatigue (such as biomathematical models that predict alertness based on sleep history and circadian rhythms), operational data, and safety reporting to identify and mitigate fatigue risks specific to an airline’s operations. FRMS is recognized by ICAO and adopted by regulators around the world as an approved alternative or complement to traditional flight time limitations (FTLs). An effective FRMS involves several components: a fatigue hazard identification process, biomathematical modelling tools, mechanisms for crew to report fatigue without fear of reprisal, analysis of fatigue-related incidents, and continuous feedback loops to improve scheduling and operational practices. Airlines operating long-haul or highly irregular schedules - including polar routes, ultra-long-haul flights, and operations with significant time-zone crossing - particularly rely on FRMS to manage cumulative fatigue that simple duty-time rules may not adequately address. FRMS data also informs crew augmentation decisions, determining when additional crew members are required for extended operations.

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In Virtual Airline Operations

While fatigue is not a physiological concern in flight simulation, the concept of FRMS underscores the importance of pilot fitness and awareness in real operations. Virtual pilots interested in aviation careers or realism can study FRMS principles to better understand why crew scheduling, rest requirements, and augmented crew procedures exist on long-haul routes operated by airlines like Air Canada.
  • FOQA - Flight Operations Quality Assurance
  • ETOPS - Extended-range Twin-engine Operations Performance Standards
  • OFP - Operational Flight Plan