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Winter & Adverse Weather Operations

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De-icing and Anti-icing

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Hold-Over Time (HOT) Tables

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Post-De-icing Checklist

1. Visually inspect critical surfaces (wings, tail, etc.)
2. Complete the “WINGS checked clean” callout
3. Record the start time of the HOT period
4. Ensure all flight controls are checked for freedom of movement

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Contaminated Runway Operations

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Performance Calculations

• Use medium braking (Runway Condition Code = 3) factors for contaminated runway performance calculations
• Increase V1/Vr if necessary based on runway condition
• Extend landing distances based on braking action reports
• Consider reduced flap settings for landing (if authorized)

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Taxi Procedures

• Single-engine taxi is prohibited on ice or snow
• Avoid using reverse thrust on snow-covered or icy taxiways
• Maintain greater distance from preceding aircraft
• Use reduced taxi speeds appropriate to surface conditions

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Adverse Weather Operations

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Thunderstorm/Lightning Operations

• No fueling operations during thunderstorm activity within 5 nm
• Avoid penetration of thunderstorms by 20 nm when possible
• Use weather radar to navigate around cells
• If embedded in CB clouds, maintain straight and level flight when possible

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Wind Shear Operations

• Low level wind shear awareness below 1,500 ft AGL
• Wind shear escape maneuver:
  1. TOGA thrust
  2. Pitch to wind shear escape attitude
  3. Maintain configuration until climbing
  4. Follow FD guidance if available

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Heavy Rain

• Use engine anti-ice when heavy precipitation is present
• Consider increased braking distances
• Be alert for hydroplaning during landing
• Monitor windshield wiper effectiveness

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Special Equipment Requirements

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Engine Ignition Settings

• Continuous ignition must be used for:
  • Standing water greater than 13 mm depth
  • Severe turbulence
  • Heavy precipitation
  • Icing conditions
  • As specified in aircraft operating manual

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Aircraft Configuration

• Anti-ice systems must be fully operational for dispatch into known icing conditions
• Windshield heating must be operational
• Additional minimum equipment requirements per the MEL for winter operations

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Specific Operational Techniques

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Take-off Considerations

• Longer balanced field length in contaminated conditions
• Crosswind limitations may be reduced
• Consider use of available runway length rather than reduced/intersection departures

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Landing Techniques

• Use of autobrake at higher setting than normal
• Early deployment of thrust reversers
• Avoid excessive use of brakes to prevent skidding
• Gentle control inputs after touchdown